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Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field that studies the properties of systems as a whole. It was founded by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, William Ross Ashby and others in the 1950s on principles from ontology, philosophy of science, physics, biology and engineering and later found applications in numerous fields including geography, sociology, political science, organizational theory, management, psychotherapy (within family systems therapy) and economics among others. Cybernetics is a closely related field. In recent times systems science, systemics and complex systems have been used as synonyms.